Although arsenic compounds were mined by the early
Chinese, Greek and Egyptian civilizations, it is believed that arsenic
itself was first identified by Albert's Magus, a German alchemist, in
1250. Arsenic occurs free in nature, but is most often found in the
minerals arsenopyrite (FeAsS), realgar (AsS) and orpiment (As2S3). Today, most commercial arsenic is obtained by heating arsenopyrite.
Arsenic and its compounds are poisonous. They
have been used to make rat poison and some insecticides. Small amounts
of arsenic are added to germanium to make transistors. Gallium arsenide (GaAs) can produce laser light directly from electricity.
If you were paying careful attention to the
physical data listed above, you may have noticed that arsenic's boiling
point is lower than its melting point. This occurs because these two
temperatures are measured at different atmospheric pressures. When
heated at standard atmospheric pressure, arsenic changes directly from a
solid to a gas, or sublimates, at a temperature of 887 K. In order to
form liquid arsenic, the atmospheric pressure must be increased. At 28
times standard atmospheric pressure, arsenic melts at a temperature of
1090 K. If it were also measured at a pressure of 28 atmospheres,
arsenic's boiling point would be higher than its melting point, as you
would expect.
